HISTORY OF DESIGN - PAPER
HISTORY OF DESIGN - PAPER
-BY KHUSHI SHAH
22BDC018
The history of paper: from its origins to the present day
Before the invention of paper , in China the oldest inscriptions were carved on bones and shells , from late 13 th century BC, until 500 BC when they begin to write on bamboo stalks.
Birch bark writing was used in India from the 1st century AD.
Palm leaves were used as writing materials Ancient Mediterranean civilization used clay tablets for sophisticated accounting systems, while Ancient Athenians used broken pieces of pottery, known as Ostraca to record the individual nominations of Greek leaders for ostracism.
In Egypt papyrus was used as a writing surface feom the 3rd millennium BC .
PAPYRUS was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, and the word ‘PAPER’ is etymologically derived from papyrus. In the first century BC, when it was replaced by the parchment a cheaper alternative to the papyrus.
Papyrus paper papyrus plant
Parchment was made from goat, sheep and cow skin, for the first time around the 5th century BC, and was used in Europe until the middle ages.
The Han dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun is credited as the inventor of a method of papermaking, inspired by wasps and bees, using rags and other plant fibers in 105 AD.
The papermaking process
Historical development
Papermaking can be traced to about AD 105, when Ts’ai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court of China, created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.
In 1800 a book was published that launched development of practical methods for manufacturing paper from wood pulp and other vegetable pulps.
These developments followed two distinct pathways. In one, fibres and fibre fragments were separated from the wood structure by mechanical means; and in the other, the wood was exposed to chemical solutions that dissolved and removed lignin and other wood components, leaving cellulose fibre behind. Made by mechanical methods, groundwood pulp contains all the components of wood and thus is not suitable for papers in which high whiteness and permanence are required.
Chemical wood pulps such as soda and sulfite pulp (described below) are used when high brightness, strength, and permanence are required. Groundwood pulp was first made in Germany in 1840, but the process did not come into extensive use until about 1870. Soda pulp was first manufactured from wood in 1852 in England, and in 1867 a patent was issued in the United States for the sulfite pulping process.
In 1798 Nicolas-Louis Robert in France constructed a moving screen belt that would receive a continuous flow of stock and deliver an unbroken sheet of wet paper to a pair of squeeze rolls.
Fibre sources
wood
Pulped forest tree trunks (boles) are by far the predominant source of papermaking fibre.
Rags
Rags are received at the paper mill in bales weighing from 200 to 500 kilograms (400 to 1,200 pounds). After mechanical threshing, the rags are sorted by hand to remove such foreign materials as rubber, metal, and paper and to eliminate those rags containing synthetic fibres and coatings that are difficult to remove.
Wastepaper and paperboard
By using greater quantities of wastepaper stock, the need for virgin fibre is reduced, and the problem of solid waste disposal is minimized.
Wastepaper may be classified into four main categories: high-grades, old corrugated boxes, printed news, and mixed paper. ______________________________________________________________________________________
After printing was popularized in China during the Song dynasty the demand for paper grew substantially, and in the year 1101, 1.5 million sheets of paper were sent to the Chinese capital.
TIMELINE -
After its orijin in Central China, the production and use of paper spread steadily, arriving to Vietnam in the 3rd century, to Korea in the 4th century, to Japan in the 5th century, and to India in the second half of the 7th century.
Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, the paper is considered a cheap commodity, which usually led to a high level of consumption and waste.
The demand for TREEFREE paper products is rising, while there is a trend towards sustainability in the pulp and paper industry.
Alternatives to paper
An excellent alternative to traditional paper is Crush paper, produced by venerable Italian papermakers Favini, made out of fruit and vegetable by-products. Production of this paper releases 20% fewer CO2 emissions and uses up to 15% less cellulose than traditional paper, and is suitable for many applications, from food and wine labels to premium-quality invitation cards, catalogues and brochures.
As we can see that technology has improved a lot in today’s time and paper has become digital.
We can make paper from different materials and with different methods and techniques in future which can reduce cuttinf of trees and plants..... And which will lead to greenery around us ...
As technology is advancing we can make such machines that can produce paper fast. I want to make papers with materials like cloths, jute, natural products etc.
https://www.pixartprinting.co.uk/blog/history-paper/
https://www.britannica.com/technology/papermaking
THANK YOU
KHUSHI SHAH
22BDC018
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